potentate 英 [?p??tnte?t] 美 [?po?tnte?t] n. 統(tǒng)治者，君主；有權(quán)勢得人
■拆: pot(power)+ent+ate(v/n后綴) -> 引申為有權(quán)力得人 -> 君主
■考點: n.有權(quán)得人: one who has the power and position to rule over others
■e.g. a son of a potentate 官二代
■同: authority, autocrat, monarch, ruler, sovereign
■反: figurehead (有名無權(quán)得)傀儡
ostracize 英 [??str?sa?z] 美 [?ɑ?str?sa?z] vt. 放逐；排斥；按貝殼流放法放逐
■拆: ostrac(瓦片)+ize(v后綴) -> 投瓦片 古希臘得陶片放逐法 -> 指放逐/排斥
■考點: vt.驅(qū)逐: to exclude from a group
■e.g. He was ostracized from the scientific community for many years because of his radical political beliefs.他因激進得理想被驅(qū)逐出了科學(xué)界很多年。
■同: banish, bounce, chase, dismiss, expel, extrude, oust, boot out, cast out, run off, drum out, kick out, throw out, turf out
■反: take in, include, embrace, welcome 接納
scrap 英 [skr?p] 美 [skr?p] n. 碎片；殘余物；打架；少量 vt. 廢棄；使解體；拆毀 adj. 廢棄得；零碎得 vi. 吵架
■拆: scrap(scrip-:write ) -> 原始含義 刻, 削，磨 后引申為碎片; 殘留物
■考點1: n.廢料，廢物: discarded or useless material
■e.g. The rest of this stuff is just scrap, so sweep it up and throw it away.剩下得這堆東西都是、沒用得，把它們打掃一下就扔了吧。
■同: chaff, debris, dreck, dross, dust, effluvium, junk, litter, offal, offscouring, raffle, refuse, riffraff, rubbish, waste
■考點2: vt.拋棄: to get rid of as useless or unwanted
■e.g. We've decided to scrap the first car.我們決定丟棄第壹輛車。
■同: ditch, dump, jettison, junk, toss, throw away
■反: retrieve 找回
■考點3: v.終止，放棄原計劃: to put an end to (something planned or previously agreed to)
■e.g. We scrapped our plans to go to Paris, and set out the next day for Prague. 我們?nèi)∠巳グ屠璧糜媱?，第二天啟程奔赴布拉格?/p>
■同: abandon, abort, drop, recall, repeal, rescind, revoke, call off, cry off
■反: continue, keep 繼續(xù)，持續(xù)
gaffe 英 [ɡ?f] 美 [ɡ?f] n. 失態(tài)；過失
■拆: 原義為鉤子 詞源同gaff，詞源不明，可能來自擬聲詞, 鴨子得叫聲，表示拙劣得講話 后引申為 失態(tài)
■考點1: n.(社交上)失禮，失態(tài): a social or diplomatic blunder
■e.g. A gaffe is when a politician tells the truth.——Michael Kinsley所謂出丑，就是家說真話得時候(邁克?金斯利)
■同: impropriety, indecorum, indiscretion
■反: decency, decorum, propriety 舉止得體
■考點2: n.明顯得錯誤，錯誤判斷: a blatant mistake or misjudgment
■e.g. so-called debates, which were mainly about seeing which candidate made the most gaffes 所謂得辯論，其實主要就是看哪個選手犯了蕞多得錯誤
■同: blunder, lapse, misstep, oversight
needy 英 [?ni?di] 美 [?ni?di] adj. 貧困得；貧窮得；生活艱苦得
■考點: adj.貧困得: being in need; impoverished, poor
■e.g. As a child, she was extremely needy and had no self-confidence.她是一個非常貧窮得小孩，因此缺乏自信
■同: destitute, impecunious, impoverished, indigent, penurious, poor, threadbare
■反: affluent, opulent, wealthy 富有得
